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Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula, sharing its border with Jordan to the northwest, Iraq to the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is also world’s 14^th largest state. The kingdom is bounded by The Persian Gulf to the northeast and the Red Sea to the west. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are concerned about the human rights of the kingdom, though the government is indifferent. In Saudi Arabia, weekend begins on Thursday. Participation of women in sports is very rare in Saudi Arabia. Saudi law permits capital punishment for murder, robbery, rape, drug smuggling, homosexual activity, and adultery.

HISTORY:- In 1744, Muhammad ibn Saud joined Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab to establish a new political power. In 1818, the Wahhabis were overpowered by the Ottoman Empire. In 1902, Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud was crowned the ruler of Riyadh. On 8^th January, 1926 he became the King of Hejaz. In 1927, UK declared independence to the kingdom of Abdul Aziz. In 1932, Al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz were merged to compose the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In 1938, Oil had been discovered in the land. Saud, the eldest son of Ibn Saud ascended the throne in 1953. Faisal was crowned in 1964, after overthrowing Saud for his political and economic mismanagement. Faisal was assassinated by his nephew Prince Faisal bin Musa'id, in 1975.

GEOGRAPHY:- Saudi Arabia comprises 80 % of the Arabian Peninsula, capturing total 2,149,690 sq km (land-2,149,690 sq km, water-0 sq km). The coast line is 2,640 km long along with the Persian gulf, and Red sea. Geographically the kingdom is located at 25 00 N, 45 00 E. The lowest point is Persian Gulf (0 m) and the highest point is Jabal Sawda' (3,133 m). Western coast is low. Central region is formed of plateau. Southern Asir region is mountainous. Mostly the land is uninhabited with sandy desert.

CLIMATE:- Arid climate reigns in the land. The land is dry and desert. The temperature is very high in the interior. High humidity and equally high temperature can be noticed in both the coastal regions.

GOVERNMENT:- Saudi Arabia is a complete monarchy. The constitution of the kingdom is a mixture of Holy Quran, shari’a and the Basic law. The monarchy works with the help of Council of Ministers and Consultative Council. The three branches of the government are:

Executive branch consists of the King (chief of state and head of government) and cabinet.

Legislative branch consists of a Consultative Council (150 members) with advisory powers.

Judicial branch consists of the Supreme Council of Justice, Islamic Courts of First Instance and Appeals.

There is no political party in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Voting rights are empowered for all male above 21.

King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz

Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:- Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 emirates (Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk )

CULTURE:- It has been presumed that Islam as well as Islamic culture, both were flourished in the land. Mecca and Medina, two holy places of the Muslim are situated in the kingdom. Jenadriyah is the annual cultural festival in Saudi Arabia. Al Ardha, a sword dance is the national dance. Al-sihba, a folk music is very popular. Samri is a very popular genre of traditional music. Women dress in abaya in public and men dress in keffiyeh or a ghutra, following the hijab tradition. Alcohol is prohibited in Saudi Arabia. For the censorship in Saudi Arabia, Saudi artists can not enjoy the freedom of expression in the land.

ECONOMY:- Saudi Arabia is an oil based country. It is estimated that the land possesses over 20% of the proven petroleum reserves of the world. It is the largest exporter of petroleum and in OPEC it also continues its leadership. In all economic activities, government plays a very major role.

GDP/PPP (2005 est.): $340.6 billion; per capita $12,900.

Real growth rate: 6.5%.

Inflation: 0.4%.

Unemployment: 13% male only

Arable land: 2%. Agriculture: wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk.

Labor force: 6.76 million; note: more than 35% of the population in the 15–64 age group is non-national; agriculture 12%, industry 25%, services 63% (1999 est.).

Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals; ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics; metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction.

Budget:

Revenues: $193.7 billion

Expenditures: $122.2 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt: 22.6% of GDP (2007 est.)

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper.

Exports: $165 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): petroleum and petroleum products 90%.

Imports: $44.93 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles.

Major trading partners: U.S., Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Germany, UK (2004).

Monetary unit: Riyal

LANGUAGE:- The official language is Arabic.

CITIES:- Riyadh is the capital and largest city. Other large and important cities are Jeddah, Mecca, Medina, Dammam, Qatif,Ta’if, Buraydah, Tabuk, Khamis Mushait.

POPULATION:- The population is 27,601,038 with the growth rate of 2.1%.

Density per sq mi: 33

Literacy—Total: 78.8% (male 84.7%, female 70.8%).

RACE:-

Arab 90%

Afro-Asian 10%

RELIGION:- Islam (100%)

HEALTH:-

Birth rate: 28.83 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 2.52 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total: 12.01 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.09 years

Total fertility rate: 3.89 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA

Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2005): 570

UNICEF:- UNICEF in Saudi Arabia works on several health projects as viruses’ attack during Hajj, HIV, drug consumption, and chronic diseases like hepatitis and cancer. On education sector, the picture differentiates with more students in cities and less students in rural area. There is scarcity of parents’ education center. The number of accident is gradually increasing. The children are brought up by their servants recklessly. UNICEF is working on the protection of children rights also.

TRANSPORTATION:-

Railways: total: 1,392 km (2002).

Highways: total: 151,470 km (1999).

Ports and harbors: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ra's al Khafji, Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Madinat Yanbu' al Sinaiyah.

Airports: 209 (2002).

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